Dexter is a city in Cowley County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 224. The first post office at De…Dexter is a city in Cowley County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 224. The first post office at Dexter was established in July, 1870. Platted in 1875, Dexter is named for a trotting horse belonging to Robert Bonner of New York.