Two protocols for switching between carvedilol, a third-generation nonselective agent with vasodilation through α 1 blockade, and a β 1-selective agent (e.g., metoprolol, atenolol) are described ...

However, it has been found that additional α-adrenergic blockade with carvedilol may increase the number of patients with hemodynamic responses resulting in a reduction in hepatic venous pressure ...

Carvedilol has the capacity to block both the β-1 and β-2 adrenergic receptors, as well as the α-1 receptors. There is evidence to indicate that full adrenergic blockade by carvedilol improves ...