Figure 4. A snapshot, in time, of two complex numbers whose exponents, and thus their phase angles, change with time. The notion of negative frequency is often troubling to engineers who've spent so ...

Analog circuit design is increasingly encountering mixed-signal circuits, and analog engineers need some understanding of discrete-time sampling circuits, whether they are sample-and-hold circuits or ...

The distinction between analog and digital signals is very simple, but it can still be a challenge to wrap one's mind around the concepts that define the two systems. Just when you think you've got it ...