The light intensity curves for LEDs, regardless of whether they are collimated with a lens or reflectors, follow a bell shaped curve (often referred to as a “Lambertian“ curve). The 50% intensity ...

Countries’ commitments to reduce carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions can have important implications for their economies. Data since the 1800s reveal that the amount of CO 2 emissions generated for a ...

The promise of next-gen 6G infrastructure is high bandwidth, but that requires higher frequencies, which are notoriously easily to disrupt due to various physical obstacles. A new study tries to get ...

Constructing out-of-equilibrium molecular assemblies that deviate from thermodynamic equilibrium is a central challenge in materials science. While numerous studies have reported the creation of such ...

In earlier work the effects of light intensity over the range 31 to 250 J cm⁻² day⁻¹ and carbon dioxide concentration from 325 to 900 ppm with 8-h days at 18-3 °C and 16-h nights at 15-6 °C were ...