researchers categorized printed circuit board (PCB) surface defects into nine distinct types based on causes, locations, and morphologies. They developed an openly accessible PCB surface defect ...

By taking an existing known-good PCB, stripping off all the SMT parts ... if and only if the UUT was completely functional, and that means defect-free soldering and defect-free components.

Your smartphone detects defects smaller than a virus using AOI, laser, and X-ray systems. These machines don’t just see—they think. These innovations, from ...