Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a neurological disorder caused by dystonia (abnormal sustained muscle contraction) of the vocal cords, hence also referred to as “laryngeal dystonia”. Depending on the ...
LEFT vocal-cord paralysis is frequently observed in various forms of intrathoracic disease, such as aortic aneurysm, mediastinal tumors, pleuritic thickening and pulmonary tuberculosis.
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