Crib retaining walls are a form of gravity wall. They are constructed of interlocking individual boxes made from timber or pre-cast concrete. Then, the boxes are filled with crushed stone or other ...

What is a Surge Tank? A surge tank is a water storage device used as a pressure neutralizer in a hydropower water conveyance system to resists excess pressure rise and pressure drop conditions. The ...

Structural glass skeletons represent a groundbreaking advancement in architectural engineering, transforming glass from a purely aesthetic feature into a primary load-bearing material. These systems ...

Jointed unreinforced concrete slabs can be used in different applications which include airfield taxiway as it can be seen in Figure-4, airfield aprons see Figure-5, and industrial yard as shown in ...

In an era when sustainability has become an important benchmark for forward-thinking buildings, it's inspiring to see how far architecture and design have come in the pursuit of creating a more ...

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Earthen roads are laid with soil. They are cheaper than all types of roads. This type of road is provided for fewer traffic areas or countryside areas. A good drainage system should be provided, which ...

Epoxy is a paint, plastic, adhesive, or thermoset plastic material made by mixing two or more industrial chemical compounds to provide a high degree of resistance against wear and tear. It provides ...

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A foundation is a structural element that provides support for various loads acting on the superstructure. It is the link between the structure and its eventual support, i.e., the soil underneath. The ...

Transparent aluminum or Aluminum Oxynitride (ALON) is an optically transparent aluminum which is a crystalline substance made of aluminate powder alloys. Aluminum being a popular construction material ...

There are different types of windows used in building construction to provide ventilation, and view. The selection of windows depends on many criteria. A window is a vented barrier provided in a wall ...