Operant discrimination learning has been a powerful tool for studying not only the sensory or perceptual ability of animals but ... Then they were trained to grip the bar only when the light stimulus ...

Operant conditioning is an essential learning mechanism for organisms and a fundamental theory for reinforcement learning in artificial intelligence. This brief proposes a neural network circuit based ...

Opinion: superstitions like crossing your fingers or throwing spilled salt over your shoulder can have a powerful impact on your emotions Of all the days to stay in bed, Friday the 13th is surely ...

IBNtxA (3-iodobenzoyl naltrexamine) is a novel μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist which is structurally related to the MOR antagonist naltrexone. Recent studies suggest IBNtxA preferentially signals ...

α-Pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP, 7) is an illegal synthetic stimulant that is being sold on the clandestine market as “flakka” and “gravel”. The potent pharmacological effects of α-PVP are ...