Fig. 2 shows diagrammatically such a situation where the crowding is mild and a lower second premolar is absent. The extraction of the lower E could easily provide too much space, but removing it ...

Little spontaneous relief of anterior crowding is seen. ... Third molars have in the past been implicated in the aetiology of late lower incisor crowding. 23 However, ...

Hunter-gatherers had almost no malocclusion and dental crowding, and the condition first became common among the world's earliest farmers some 12,000 years ago in Southwest Asia.