We employed a two-alternative auditory discrimination task, in which rats are required to make new associations between a tone instruction cue (high frequency tone of 10 kHz or low frequency tone of 2 ...

Nowadays, memcapacitor-based associative memory neural networks are focusing on classical conditioning roles and ignoring operant conditioning roles. In this article, a biomimetic model of operant ...

IBNtxA (3-iodobenzoyl naltrexamine) is a novel μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist which is structurally related to the MOR antagonist naltrexone. Recent studies suggest IBNtxA preferentially signals ...

Briefly, 4-FA promotes the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, and blocks the reuptake of these substances at nerve terminals. Data also demonstrate that 4-FA produces locomotor ...