The human body is a machine whose many parts—from the microscopic details of our cells to our limbs, eyes, liver and ...

The neck has 32 separate vertebrae — longer than the creature’s body and tail combined,” said a study published by Cambridge ...

In 1969, Karten wrote a “very influential paper that completely changed the discussion in the field,” said Maria Tosches, who studies vertebrate brain development at Columbia University ...

One possibility is that intelligence in vertebrates — animals with backbones, including mammals and birds — evolved once. In that case, both groups would have inherited the complex neural pathways ...

It explains that fish are vertebrates with gills, scales, and various adaptations for movement and survival, while invertebrates, like jellyfish and starfish, lack backbones.

An extinct ribbonlike sea creature about the size of a human thumb was one of the earliest animals to evolve a precursor of a backbone. Scientists recently identified the animal’s nerve cord by ...

All chordates, such as vertebrates, eel-like lancelets, and tunicates, or sea squirts, at some point in their lives have a flexible, rod-shaped nerve structure called a notochord in their backs. A ...

Myelin appears suddenly in vertebrates, animals with backbones that arose 500 million years ago. ... for example, when compared with invertebrates such as slugs, worms and starfish.

A vertebrate is any animal that has a backbone in its body. Humans are vertebrates, as are frogs, cats, fish, birds, and many more. An animal without a backbone is known as an invertebrate.