France established the penal colony system in Cayenne, French Guiana in 1852 under Emperor Napoleon III, officially formalized by the transportation law of 1854. This brutal prison complex encompassed multiple locations including the infamous Devil's Island (reserved for political prisoners), Île Royale, Saint-Joseph Island, and mainland facilities in Cayenne and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. The most famous prisoner was Captain Alfred Dreyfus, unjustly convicted of treason and imprisoned from 1895 t
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